Феномен антиістеблішментських партій як прагматичної напівлояльної опозиції у країнах Вишеградської групи

Abstract

The political practice of the countries of the Visegrad Group, i.e. Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic, during the period of 1989–2017 confirms that the implementation of the political process and inter-institutional relations is carried out on the basis of a constructive dialogue between political authorities/governments and systemic political/parliamentary op- position. At the same time, the region does not have comprehensive and reliable mechanism for rejecting the influence and popularity of extremist organizations, which to varying degrees form the phenomenon of anti-system opposition and hence a threat to a democratic political regime. In this context, however, it is noteworthy that, in order to be interpreted as an anti-sys- tem opposition, political organization (party or movement) should not resist to all (without ex- ception) the attributes of a corresponding (democratic) political system, but at least to one of them. This means that any anti-system political party or movement or, in general, anti-system opposition may turn into (or immediately be formed) a pragmatic political organization and a pragmatic opposition – partly systemic and partly anti-systemic. In this case, they should be treated as forces that support a political agenda within a current democratic political system, but at the same time retain their structure of values, which gives them an ideological and relational identity. Therefore, this largely, especially in the countries of the Visegrad Group, expedites the practicality of studying the phenomenon of a pragmatic semi-loyal political op- position, which is often implemented through the prism of the so-called anti-establishment parties that are at the junction of systemacy and anti-systemacy. This means that the proposed study aims to a detailed analysis and explanation of the phenomenon, attributes, ideological positioning and consequences of anti-establishment parties as a direct manifestation of pragmatic semi-loyal opposition in the countries of the Visegrad Group. Therefore, the article is dedicated to analysing the phenomenon of a pragmatic semi-loyal political opposition in the region, which is most often realized through the prism of so-called «anti-establishment parties», which are located at the junction of the po- litical system and antisystem. The author identified the key synonyms, attributes, examples, factors of the formation, types and strategies of anti-establishment parties in the countries of the region, as well as their influence on the outline of such political parties as the ex- amples of a pragmatic and semi-loyal opposition. It was recorded that anti-establishment parties and pragmatic political opposition substantially defect and deconstruct the democracies of the countries of the Visegrad Group.