Національна ідентичність: концептуальні версії та їх реалізація в політичних процесах Ізраїлю

Abstract

Визначено розвиток концептуально-теоретичних підходів до проблеми ідентичності в соціальних і політичних науках. Охарактеризовано еволюцію уявлень про націю, націоналізм і національну ідентичність в соціальних і політичних науках. Обґрунтовано доцільність використання «ідентичності» як категорії соціального аналізу. Порівняно існуючі класифікації націй, націоналізму та національної ідентичності та встановлено їх нормативний і аналітичний потенціал. З’ясовано основні підходи до дослідження нації, націоналізму та національної ідентичності та обґрунтовано доцільність використання дискурсивно-когнітивного підходу в нашому дослідженні. Встановлено специфіку досліджень національної ідентичності в Ізраїлі. Визначено національний і етно-конфесійний вимір «плавильного тиглю» в Ізраїлі. Охарактеризовано національний і етно-конфесійний вимір «мультикультуралізму» в Ізраїлі; Встановлено роль і місце мови в концепціях національної ідентичності в Ізраїлі. З’ясовано характер арабомовної громади Ізраїлю та перспективи її подальшого розвитку. Дана оцінка мовній ідентичності громади вихідців з пострадянських країн і перспективам її розвитку в Ізраїлі. The development of conceptual and theoretical approaches to the problem of identity in social and political sciences was determined. The initial understanding of “identity” as the identity of inanimate objects was eventually displaced by the existence of individual, Self, the uniqueness of Self’s existence. Then scientists began to distinguish individual and collective identity, and later – its various forms. Finally, interdisciplinary studies of identity become increasingly popular. The evolution of ideas of nation, nationalism and national identity in social and political sciences was described. At the core of these ideas, on the one hand, knowledge about individual, society and social transformation, and on the other – choice of scientific methodology and field of research. The usefulness of “identity” as a category of social analysis was explained. The practical (essentialist) interpretations of “identity” and analytical (constructivist) use of term “identity” were clearly separated. The existing classifications of nations, nationalism and national identity were compared, and their normative and analytical potential was defined. The main problem is that the most popular of them are based on a single, supposedly dichotomous distinction, which is assigned both normative and analytical tasks. The main approaches to the studies of nation, nationalism and national identity were clarified and the usefulness of discursive-cognitive approach was explained. Each of the theoretical approaches contributes to the development of ideas of nation, nationalism and national identity. However, none of them can solve all the theoretical and practical problems associated with them. The specificity of research on national identity in Israel was disclosed. In recent decades, English-speaking countries have become a kind of metropolis of Israeli studies, and Israel has become their province. At the same time, English has become the main language of the Israeli studies, especially in issues of identity, minority’s rights and the relationship between the State of Israel and the Diaspora. The national and ethno-confessional features of the “melting pot” in Israel were determined. The Labor Zionism tried to erase existing religious and cultural differences among Jews, playing an important role in the implementation of the “Jewish melting pot” policy. However, the notion of “smelting” the single Jewish people did so through the denial of the “other”, namely the Palestinian Arabs. The national and ethno-confessional features of the “multiculturalism” in Israel were described. The reverse side of stigmatization of the “foreigners among us” (invariably the Israeli Arabs) is the strengthening of national solidarity and tolerance for internal cultural differences. As a result, at the programmatic and political level, the Israeli-Jewish community is becoming more multicultural. The role and the place of language in concepts of national identity in Israel were disclosed. While Israel is historically and de facto a multilingual state, the adoption of a monolingual Hebrew ideology by the Zionists leadership naturally narrows the spheres of use of other languages, including Arabic and Russian. The nature of Arabic-speaking community of Israel and the prospects for its further development were clarified. The Arabic language plays a barely noticeable role in the public sphere of Israel, limiting itself to those areas that are directly related to the activities of the Arab community of the country. The linguistic identity of immigrants’ community from post-Soviet countries and the prospects for its development in Israel were assessed. While maintaining current trends, the “Russian” community of Israel is doomed to a gradual decline of its activity and further disappearance.