Інституціоналізація політики боротьби з корупцією у країнах Східної Європи

Abstract

Обґрунтовано, що в українській політичній науці існує потреба у комплексних наукових досліджень щодо вимірюваності корупції та ефективності боротьби з нею. Автором запропоновано підходи до розуміння феномену корупції, виявлено необхідність розширення нормативного визначення корупції та запропоновано відповідну редакцію. Визначено фактори інституціоналізації політики боротьби з корупцією та проведено їх оцінювання через числові показники. Запропоновано власну методику індексної оцінки ступеню інституціоналізації політики боротьби з корупцією. Досліджено особливості формування антикорупційної політики в Румунії, Болгарії, Молдові та встановлено специфіку інституціоналізації досвіду боротьби з корупцією з урахуванням українських реалій. Проведено емпіричне дослідження щодо сприйняття феномену корупції громадянами України. З урахуванням індексної оцінки ступеню інституціоналізації політики боротьби з корупцією та результатів проведеного дослідження, сформовано рекомендації щодо удосконалення діяльності інститутів, залучених до боротьби із корупцією в Україні. It is substantiated that there is certain need in Ukrainian political science for comprehensive research on the corruption measurability and on the effectiveness of the cope with it. The author proposes approach to understanding corruption as a sociopolitical phenomenon, and reveals the evolution of historical understanding of corruption: from a general violation of justice, integrity and social balance - to a systemic problem in the state apparatus and to legal, criminal understanding of abovementioned phenomenon. After analyzing the regulations on national, regional and international level, it has been found that the narrow legal approach to understanding modern corruption does not fully embrace its dynamic and polymorphic nature. The expanded normative definition of corruption has been proposed, which differs from the existing one by covering the issues of the political parties ruling bodies, as well as the misusage of representative mandates by members of parliament and local councils. Institutional and neo-institutional approach are studied in order to determine the methodological basis of the research and also the advantages of using the neoinstitutional approach, with its principle of "methodological individualism". The prospects for using this approach lie in a comprehensive study of both formal and informal social institutions, which is important in the study of the phenomena of corruption and anti-corruption, as these socio-political phenomena affect all spheres of life. Factors of corruption have been identified, the main ones being political, economic, social, legal, managerial, psychological and cultural-ethical. The abovementioned factors indicate the need for integrated use of corruption measuring methods, the main of existing ones are: integrated assessment (Corruption Perceptions Index, Barometer of World Corruption, Index of Economic Freedom); expert assessment (Nations in transit); sociological surveys (quantitative or qualitative). The system of anti-corruption policy institutionalization factors is determined, which includes: functioning of the anti-corruption bodies system; the role of civil society; perfection of the regulatory framework; public attitude to the cope with corruption; anti-corruption assessments according to the annual reports of the European Union; judicial practice in corruption cases; the amount of corruption-generated funds being returned to the state budget. The author's method of calculating the integrated "Anti-corruption policy institutionalization index " for Eastern Europe is proposed. This index is calculated on the basis of studying the above-mentioned factors and is presented in the form of scales, both annually and triennially. The author calculated the anti-corruption policy institutionalization index and interpreted the results for Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The measurement of that index has covered the period from 2006 to 2020 and made possible defining the existence of correlation between certain pairs of factors. A study of the anti-corruption policy institutionalization index in Romania, Bulgaria and Moldova showed that Romanian model of fighting corruption is largely overestimated due to its media component, meanwhile the effectiveness of the Bulgarian experience is rather underestimated, especially with its gradual and systematic fight against corruption, which shows much better results. It was also found that the anti-corruption policy in Moldova is disappointing, mainly due to the negative impact of political turbulence. It has been concluded that Ukraine needs to pay more attention to the Bulgarian model of anti-corruption, as the most successful among the studied cases. It has also been conducted an empirical study on the perception of corruption in Ukraine, the results of which allows to form a list of the most problematic domains for Ukraine, as well as to identify problems that hinder the coping with corruption. Based on the index assessment of anti-corruption policy institutionalization index and the results of the study, recommendations have been made to improve the functionality of anti-corruption institutions in Ukraine.