Становище утопії й антиутопії в політичній теорії наприкінці ХХ – на початку ХХІ століть

Abstract

At the end of the XX century – at the beginning of the XXI century, utopia returns to the field of study of the humanities. Its long-term exception, including in western political science, was associated with the installation of totalitarian regimes in Europe in the twentieth century, the establishment of a clear correlation in the public consciousness between communism as the main ideology of the Soviet Union and the utopia, the Cold War. Agreeing with the position of R. Levitas and B. Goodwin, the author considers the utopia and anti-utopia as complete parts of the political theory, not the abstract fantasy of one person about politics, but the logical and theoretical construct, built on the principles of rationality. At the same time, with the return of utopia to the field of scientific research, there is a need to change the methodology of research. In this article, utopia and anti-utopia are considered from the standpoint of the theory of interpretation and the theory of intertextuality. The purpose of this article is to analyze the transformations of the form and content of utopia and anti-utopia as theoretical political constructs at the turn of the XX – XXI centuries. Main results of the study. In the postmodern era a series of transformations of utopia and anti-utopia takes place. For a while, they exist in parallel as two forms of a single whole, differing in value orientations. Being accessible for understanding as the forms of existence of political knowledge, utopia and anti-utopia use the Socratic method of cognition, in which it is important not to transfer knowledge, but to actively produce it in the cognitive process. In the end, under the influence of postmodern utopia and anti-utopia get unstructured, lose their own form, turning into a single utopian-anti-utopian discourse. It becomes a high-quality demonstration of the interpretative nature of knowledge in postmodernism: it's the reader's point of view that is of importance, and not the position of the author. Utopian-anti-utopian discourse as part of contemporary political philosophy focuses on defining a person's place in politics and is actually a way of posing the question: “Who do I want to be in political reality?”.